The Sectional Struggle, Reborn: 1848-1854

APUSH Study Guide 17 The sectional Struggle, Reborn, 1848-1854 Themes/Constructs The sectional conflict over the refine ment of thrall that erupted after the Mexican fight was temporarily silenced by the compromise of 1850, besides Douglass Kansas-Nebraska sham of 1854 re-ignited the issue again. In the 1850s American expansion in the atomic number 74 and the Caribbean was extremely controversial because it was tied to the thrall question. The acquisition of territory from Mexico created nifty new dilemmas concerning the expansion of thrall, especially for the two major parties, which had long tried and true to avoid the issue.The anti thraldom Free Soil ships company pushed the issue into the election of 1848. The action of favourable-rich California for admission to the federation forced the controversy into the Senate, which engaged in stormy debate over slavery and the confederation. After the untimely finis of President Taylor, who had blocked a settlement, Con gress resolved the crisis by termination the delicate Compromise of 1850. The compromise eased sectional focus for the moment, although the runaway Slave Law aroused opposition in the matrimony. As the Whig Party died, the Democratic Pierce administration became the tool of proslavery expansionists.Controversies over Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Gadsden Purchase showed that expansionism was fast linked to the slavery issue. The desire for a northerly railroad despatch led Stephen Douglas to ram the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress in 1854. By repealing the Missouri Compromise and making new territory subject to favorite sovereignty on slavery, this act aroused the fury of the matrimony, sparked the rise of the republican Party, and set the stage for the civil fight. Terms/names/topics Gen. Lewis Cas popular sovereignty Zachary Taylor Free Soil Party conscious Whigs Martin Van BurenElection of 1848 gold fever California piece (1849) Texas boundary dispute Underground coe rcestationspassengers conductors Harriet Tubman Immortal TrioClay, Calhoun, Webster Great PacificatorGreat Nullifier Millard Fill more(prenominal) capital of Tennessee Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law (1850) Franklin Pierce minute of arc dark horse Winfield Scott (Whig) Election of 1852 Jefferson DavisSecretary of War slavocrats William Walker Clayton-Bulwer treaty (1850) Cuban filibustering expeditions Ostend Manifesto Crimean War Gadsden Purchase (1853) Stephen A.Douglas Repeal of the Missouri Compromise Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854) The new Republican Party past APUSH essay questions from this field of champaign 1. Although historically represented as distinct parties, the Federalists and Whigs, in fact, divided a common policy-making ideology, represented many of the same intimacy groups, and proposed similar programs and policies. Assess the severity of this statement. (FRQ, 1991) 2. Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on internal unity between 18 00 and 1850. (FRQ, 1997) APUSH Study Guide 18 The Road to War, 1854-1861 Historians run acrossJames McPherson, from Ordeal By Fire The Civil War and reconstructive memory (1992) The brotherly and political strains produced by rapid growth provoked repeated crises that threatened to destroy the republic. From the beginning, these strains were associated generally with slavery. The geographical division of the country into free and slave states ensured that the crisis would take the blueprint of sectional conflict. Each section evolved refuges and values based on its ride system. These values in turn generated ideologies that justified each sections institutions and condemned those of the other. For three-quarters of a century the two sections North and in the south coexisted infra(a) one flag because the in effortd-moving forces of nationalismthe shared memories of a common struggle for nationhoodproved stronger than the outward-moving forces of sectionalism. But as earl y as 1787, conflict over slavery at the constitutional convention almost broke up the Union before it was fairly launched. Themes/Constructs A series of major North- southeast crisis in the posthumous 1850s culminated in the election of the antislavery Republican Abraham capital of Nebraska to the presidency in 1860.His election caused seven southerly states to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The 1850s were punctuated by successive confrontations that deepened sectional hostility until it broke out in the Civil War. Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin fanned northerly antislavery feelings. In Kansas, proslavery and antislavery forces fought a bloody little preview of the Civil War. Buchanans hold up of the proslavery Lecompton Constitution alienated moderate northern Democrats like Douglas. Congressman stand beating of Senator Sumner aroused passions on both(prenominal) sections.The Democratic Party go against along sectional lines, allowi ng capital of Nebraska to win the quartette-way 1860 election. Seven southern states cursorily seceded and organized the Confederate States of America. As southerners optimistically cast off their ties to the detested North, lame-duck President Buchanan proved unable to act. The last minute Crittenden Compromise failed because of Lincolns opposition. Terms/names/topics Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Toms Cabin Hinton R. HelperImpending Crisis of the South New England Immigrant Aid Company Beechers Bibles Burning of Lawrence washbowl Br witnessPottawatomie creek Lecompton Constitution Bleeding Kansas Charles SumnerPreston Brooks Election of 1856James Buchanan Nativists American PartyKnow-Nothing Party toilette C. Fremont Dred Scott decision Panic of 1857 Abortive Homestead Act (1860) Tariff of 1857 Lincoln-Douglas debates Freeport principle John BrownHarpers Ferry Charleston Nominating Convention John C. Breckenridge constitutive(a) Union Party Republican Party platform (1860) Elect ion of 1860 backdown of South Carolina Jefferson Davis lame duck interlude Crittenden CompromiseSelf-determination southerly nationalism Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study 1. To what uttermost was President-elect Abraham Lincoln responsible for the defeat of the Crittenden proposal on the territorial expansion of slavery? (DBQ, 1974Mr. D has the documents) 2. John Browns raid on the federal official armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, involved only a fistful of abolitionists, freed no slaves, and was over in two days. Although many Unioners condemned the raid, by 1863 John Brown had become a hero and martyr in the North.To what extent and in what slipway do the views about John Brown denotative in the documents illustrate changing North-South relations between 1859 and 1863? (DBQ, 1982Mr. D has the documents) 3. throughout our history, the Supreme Court has acted as a partisan political body rather than a indifferent(p) arbiter of constitutio nal principles. Assess the validity of this generalization for the period 1800-1860. (FRQ, 1984) 4. By the 1850s, the Constitution, originally framed as an cock of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and lastly contributed to the failure of the Union it had created.Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1850-1861, measure the validity of this statement. (DBQ, 1987Mr. D has the documents) 5. I am not, nor have ever been, in favor of bringing about in any way, the social and political equality of the white and black races. How can this 1858 statement of Abraham Lincoln be reconciled with his 1862 liberty Proclamation? (FRQ, 1988) 6. Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the nineteenth century used legal, religious, and scotch arguments to defend the institution of slavery. (FRQ, 1995) . Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following (FRQ, 2000) Missouri Compromise Mexican War Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act 8. Analyze the potentness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions in the period 1820 to 1861. (FRQ, 2004) APUSH Study Guide 19 building the War, Fighting the War, 1861-1865 Historians view James McPherson, from contend Cry of Freedom (1988)A view of the Civil War as expanding national business office and Northern economic dominance The old federal republic in which the national government had rarely touched the middling citizen except through the post-office gave way to a more centralized regulation that taxed the people directly and created an internal revenue bureau to collect taxes, pened men into the army, expanded the jurisdiction of the federal courts, created a national currency and a national banking system, and established the first national agency for social social welfarethe Freedmens Bureau. These changes in the federal balance paralleled a ascendent shift of political po wer from South to North.The accession to power of the Republican Party, with its ideology of competitive, egalitarian, free-labor capitalism, was a signal to the South that Union achievement in the war destroyed the southern vision of America and ensured that the northern vision would become the American vision. Themes/Constructs Building for War The North efficaciously brought to bear its long-term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern decree, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed.Lincolns skillful political leadership helped keep the crucial evade States in the Union and maintain northern morale, while his effective diplomacy unplowed Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy. South Carolinas firing on Fort Sumter aroused the North for war. Lincolns call for troops to suppress the rebellion covey four upper South states into the Confederacy. Lincoln used an effective cabal of political persuasion and force to keep the deeply divided Border States in the Union The Confederacy enjoyed initial advantages of upper-class European support, armament leadership, and a defensive position on its own soil.The North enjoyed the advantages of blue-collar European support, industrial and population resources, and political leadership. The British upper classes sympathized with the South and abetted Confederate naval efforts. But effective diplomacy and Union military success thwarted those efforts and kept Britain as well as France neutral in the war. Lincolns political leadership proved effective in mobilizing the North for war, despite political opposition and resistance to his assault on civil liberties.The North eventually mobilized its larger troop resources for war and ultimately turned to an unpopular and unfair draft system. Northern economic and financial strengths it to gain an advantage over the less-industrialized South. The changes in society open up new opportunities for women, who had contributed significantly to the war effort in both the North and the South. Since most of the war was waged on Southern soil, the South was left devastated by the war. Fighting the War The Civil War, begun as a special(a) struggle over the Union, eventually became a total war to end slavery and transform the nation.After several years of seesaw struggle, the Union armies under U. S. admit finally wore down the Southern forces under Robert E. Lee and frustrated the Confederate bid for independence as well as the institution of slavery. The Union defeat at Bull Run cease Northern complacency about a quick victory. George McClellan and other early Union generals proved unable to defeat the tactically brilliant Confederate armies under Lee. The Union naval blockade put a slow but devastating noose around the South. The political and diplomatic dimensions of the war became critical.In ord er to retain the border states, Lincoln first de-emphasized any figure to destroy slavery. But the Battle of Antietam in 1862 enabled Lincoln to prevent foreign intervention and turn the struggle into a war against slavery. Blacks and abolitionists joined enthusiastically in a war for emancipation, but white resentment in part of the North created political problems for Lincoln. The Union victories at siege of Vicksburg in the West and Gettysburg in the East finally turned the military soar upwards against the South.Southern resistance remained strong, but the Union victories at Atlanta and quick assured Lincolns success in the election of 1864 and ended the last Confederate hopes. The war ended the issues of disunion and slavery, but at a tremendous cost to both North and South. Terms/names/topics Building For War Butternut region King Wheat and King gamboge vs. King Cotton Trent Affair (1861) CSS Alabama Charles Francis Adams Laird Rams Southern States Rights Lincolns arbitr ary powerhabeas corpus Federal conscription power New York draft riots bounty brokers rich mans war but a poor mans fightIncome tax Morrill Tariff Act National Banking System Homestead Act (1862) Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell Clara Barton Dorothea Dix Sally Tompkins Fighting the War On to Richmond Bull Run (Manassas Junction) Stonewall Jackson Gen. George McClellan The Peninsula fight back Shenandoah Valley Jeb Stuart Seven Days Battles Total War Blockade track 2nd Battle of Bull Run Gen. John Pope Antietam Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment Fort Pillow, Tenn. Gen. A. E. Burnside Fredericksburg, Va. Fighting Joe Hooker Chancellorsville, Va. Gen. George G. Meade Gettysburg, Penn.Gen. George Pickett Ulysses S. Grant Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Tenn. Battle of Shiloh David G. Garragut Port Hudson Vicksburg Chattanooga Gen. William T. Sherman AtlantaMarch to Savannah Election of 1864 congressional citizens committee on the Conduct of the WarRadical Republicans Copperheads Union Par ty Andrew Johnson Battles in the Wilderness Hampton Roads, Va. Appomattox Courthouse John Wilkes Booth English Reform Bill (1867) Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study There have been no DBQ or FRQ questions from this area of study. APUSH Study Guide 20 reconstruction, 1865-1877 Historians view William A Dunning, reconstruction Political and Economic (1907)A view of Reconstruction as a national disgrace. Few episodes of recorded history more urgently invited thorough analysis than the struggle through which the southern whites, keep down by adversaries of their own race, thwarted the scheme which threatened permanent subjugation to another race. The most rasping feature of the new space to the old white element of the South was the large predominance of northerners and negroes in position of political power.The most cunning and malignant foeman of the United States could not have timed differently this period of national ill-repute for it came with the centennial o f American independence Kenneth Stamp, The Era of Reconstruction (1965)A kindly view of Reconstruction. Finally, we come to the idealistic aim of the radicals to make southern society more democratic, especially to make the emancipation of Negroes slightlything more than an empty gesture. In the short run this was their greatest failure.Still, no one could quite an forget that the ordinal and Fifteenth Amendments were now part of the federal Constitution. Thus, Negroes were no longer denied equality by the plain language of law, as they had been before radical reconstruction, but only by coercion, by subterfuge, by deceit, and by spurious legalisms. The blunders of that era, tragic though they were, dwindle into insignificance. For it was worth four years of civil war to save the Union, it was worth a some years of radical reconstruction to give the American Negro the ultimate promise of equal civil and political rights.Themes/Constructs Johnsons political blunders and southern white recalcitrance led to the imposition of Congressional military Reconstruction on the south. Reconstruction accomplished some good, such as the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, but it left behind a legacy of racial and sectional bitterness. With the Civil War over, the nation faced the difficult problems of construct the South, assisting the freed slaves, reintegrating the southern states into the Union, and deciding who would direct the Reconstruction process.The South was economically devastated and socially regenerationized by emancipation. As slaveowners reluctantly confronted the end of slave labor, blacks took their first move in freedom. Black churches and freedmens schools helped the former slaves begin to shape their own destiny. The new President Andrew Johnson was politically inept and personally contentious. His attempt to go through a moderate plan of Reconstruction, along the lines originally suggested by Lincoln, degenerate victim to Southern whites seve re treatment of blacks and his own political blunders.Republicans enforce harsh military Reconstruction on the south after their gains in the 1866 Congressional elections. The Southern states reentered the Union with new radical governments, which rested partially on the newly enfranchised blacks, but also had support from some sectors of southern society. These regimes were sometimes corrupt but also implemented all-important(a) reforms. The divisions between moderate and Radical Republicans meant that Reconstructions aims were often limited and confused, despite the important Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments.Embittered whites hated the radical governments and mobilized the Ku Klux Klan to recompense white supremacy. Congress impeached Johnson but failed to convict him. In the end, the poorly conceived Reconstruction policy failed disastrously. Terms/names/topics Exodusters Black Baptists churches African Missionary experience Freedmens Bureau 10% PlanLincoln Wade-Davis Bill Radicals Johnsons Reconstruction plans Black Codes Sharecroppers whitewashed rebels Civil Rights Bill Fourteenth Amendment Congressional elections, 1866 Radicals in the Senate Thaddeus Stevens Moderate RepublicansMilitary Reconstruction Act Fifteenth Amendment Ex parte Milligan (1866) scalawags carpetbaggers KKK literacy tests Tenure of Office Act Edwin M. Stanton Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study 1. The unpopular ideas and causes of one period often gain popularity and support in another, but the ultimate price of success is usually the alteration or subversion of the original ideas and programs. For the period 1830-1877, discuss this statement with reference to both (a) the ideas and activities of abolitionism and (b) the policies of the Republican party. (FRQ, 1978). . How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction (1865-1877) to bring social and economic equality of opportunity to the former slaves? (FRQ, 1983) 3. Discuss the political, economic, and socia l reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. To what extent did these reforms survive the Compromise of 1877? (FRQ, 1992) 4. In what ways and to what extent did constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1860 to 1877 to answer the question. (DBQ, 1996Mr. D has the documents)