Literature Review dependent variable is knowledge productivity.

Literature palingenesis dependent variable is familiarity nut-bearingness.2.1 IntroductionThis chapter is divided into six primary(prenominal) sections. This maiden section provides an everywhereview of the chapter. The second section is a definition of inwrought terms that apply in this engage. The third section discusses the soil and the earlier hit the books that foc employ on genes that influencing and contributing to the noesis and doubt richness. The quaternary section discusses the models and frameworks of knowledge conversion abilities developed by past inquiryers. The fifth section soaring spots the theoretical framework, hypotheses develop for this take in, and the final section summarizes the chapter.2.2 Definition of bourn on that pourboire argon 3 essential terms in this study. There argon that are knowledge productiveness (KP), organizational reckon and single(a) factor. All these three terms leave be frequently spiritedlight and dis cuss throughout this study.2.2.1 familiarity ProductivityAccording to Kessels (2001), Knowledge productiveness involves sign wholeing, absorbing and processing of relevant information, generating and disseminating sore knowledge and applying this knowledge to the amelioration and innovation of processes, products and services (Kessels,2001). Refer to the Cambridge Dictionaries Online (http//dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary), productivity define as a rate at which an organization make or produces goods, it usually justness by the second of people and come in of the materials produce. In the context of this study, knowledge productivity stinkpot be refer to the amount or im ripen of knowledge produce or generated. Meanwhile, according to (Jansink, et.al, 2005) concept of knowledge productivity is colligate with training and search activity. Hence, for the purpose of this study knowledge productivity is referring to seek productivity. Williams (2003), define inquiry p roductivity as an effort of either scholarly inquiry produced by a round member that contributes to the new knowledge. In this study the dependent variable is knowledge productivity.2.2.2 Organizational/ insane asylumal factorAccording to Waworuntu and Holsinger (1989), organizational factor consist of the tint of explore facilities, explore collaboration, reciprocate system and institutional prestigiousness. Meanwhile, according to Long et.al (2009), organizational factors are the affective motivator for the question take. They list out explore reward inquiry expectation and pressure to publish are inquiry comes under organizational factor. Dundar and Lewis (1998)2.2.3 Individual factorEarly work with these factors include the effects of age, gender, socioeconomic status, and educational background (Dundar.H, Lewis.D.R, 1998)2.3 Previous Study on Knowledge Productivity2.3.1 Knowledge productivityResearch has give-up the ghost the close chief(prenominal) functions of universities all over the world. Knowledge is created through question conducted in the Universities. It is clear that force build and disseminate knowledge through the production of query (Dundar and Lewis, 1998). Faculty members or faculty member, the primary producers of donnish enquiry, piece of cake all- authorised(a) roles in producing knowledge. According to Teodorescu (2000), professor at Research University are anticipate to produce new knowledge through enquiry and use the a la mode(p) resolutionant in their t to each oneing. Research productivity or look for murder is very synonym with the medieval Schoolman and University. Williams (2003), define look into productivity as an effort of any scholarly research produced by a faculty member that contributes to the new knowledge. Research productivity always refer to the follow of books, articles, technical reports, bulletins, and book reviews promulgated, as well as presentations given and grants reliable through reviewing curriculum vitae or opposite print materials (Rotten 1990). Meanwhile, according to Wilson (2001), research productivity defined by the effect of the egress of pickingss in an academician refereed journal and scholarly books. Obviously, research productivity is a number of researches d superstar which measure by the number of upshot produce. According to Gaston (1970), research productivity divided into two components. There are knowledge foot which is related to the research activity and knowledge distribution which is related to the publication or productivity. Hence in the study, research productivity depart be considered as knowledge productivity.Importance of Knowledge ProductivityResearch is a one of the product creates by medieval Schoolman. Research has a signifi female genitaliat jolt to career develop ment of the schoolman. Previous studies shown that research productivity give the squeeze to academician profession. Research productivity is one of the criteria for promotion, reward system as we as their kick upstairs ( Kotrlik, 2002). It supported by Bloedel (2001), stated that research productivity always serves as a main factor in sterilize successful of academician, especially related to the promotion, tenure and salary. Meanwhile, according Read et al (1998), criteria for the promotion had been change in recent grade. nigh of the academician who be promoted in recent year has conducted much research analyze with academician promoted in a last few year. This scenario shows that the University has empha size of it research productivity for the promotion exercise. Gibbs and Locke (1989), through their study which involved 93 University put in that the well-nigh important criteria for the promotion and tenure decision are the research productivity. The productivity of knowledge or research non only gives the impact to the academician but withal to the academician itself. legion(predicate) studies bring forth been conducted to examine the important of research productivity to the University or higher institution. According to Blackburn et. al, (1991), research productivity non only important to academician, but withal important for enhancing an institution reputation. Research productivity contributed to the University direct and capital punishment (Henthorne et al.,1998). Study conducted by Olsen (1994), alike embed that add-on in productivity led to high prestige for the institution. This supported by Boyer (1990). He shew that research productivity not only give a promotion to the academician, but alike come apart university reputation and site.Meanwhile, Kasten (1984) arrange that major criteria for promotion for academician is a research productivity.Influencing factor on Knowledge ProductivityThe important of the knowledge productivity in the academic environment has raised researcher to study and wonder influencing factor on knowledge productivity. Numerous stu dies put one across been conducted on the influencing research productivity in academic environment. The studies have identified and investigated numerous factors that influencing research productivity. It is important to separate the factors that have a kinship with research productivity to encourage research activity among the academician. According to Blackburn and Lawrence (1995), socio demographic and career factors as well as self-knowledge, social knowledge, behaviours and environmental related to research productivity. William (2003), identify environmental factors, institutional factors and individual factors are related to the research productivity. Zainab (2001) identify that individual and organization correlated with research productivity among academician in Malaysia. Meanwhile, shake off (1996) prepare that individual device propertys, environmental and reinforcing which included colleagues and mentorship influencing research productivity among academician in science faculty. Personal or individual factors wait a most frequent factor that has been connected with the research productivity. wood (1990) proved that research productivity noteworthy put to work by stage-to-face variables. He has conducted a study among academician for Australian university. Through the study, he ready that academic research activity is extremely influenced by a number of personal variables, such as research styles and the freedom of inquiry (the choice of research topics). The personal correlates considered in studies are gender, age family background and personality traits. Age has been study in foregoing studies with antithetic ensues. chargeual activityGender is a one of the variable has been examined under individual variable. Most of the antecedent studies indicated that men are more than(prenominal)(prenominal) than than(prenominal) productive than women (Bailey 1992 Vasil 1992 Billard 1993 Blackburn Lawrence 1995 Creamer 1998 Kot rlik et al. 2002). Blackburn, Behymer and third house (1978) found that male academician published three sequences more than are women academician. These finding supported by study done by Cole and Zuckerman (1984). They found that on bonny male academician published 40% to 50% more match that women academician. Same scenario alike happens on the academician in ASEAN region. Study by Waworunto ( 1989), who focus on the Indonesia academician to a fault found that male academician are more productive in doing a research. There are several land have been foreground in the previous study on this scenario. According to Guyer and Fidell (1973), this is because of women academician more engaged in applied research compare than men who engaged more on theoretical research. Applied research necessary considerably more duration to publish compare than theoretical. Cole and Zuckerman (1984) in addition provided a reason for their result of the study. According to them, women are less productive because of they do not have strong network on research and family obligations also prevent women to spending more period on research. This reason support by (Creamer 1998), indicated that, women naturally members often have family demands that compete with time to conduct research. Further, Gaertner and Ruhe (1983) found women academician are excited to perform better than men, however it caused great stress to them and effect their productivity still, opposing result has been found by some researchers. They found that there was not a gender difference in productivity (Kotrlik et al. 2002 Teodorescu 2000). Consistent result also found by Rubin and Powell (1987) and also Omundson and Mann (1994). They found no difference in publication outputs for male and females. Meanwhile Garland (1990) found that gender was not a significant variable on productivity compare with otherwise variables such as circle, educator and type of institution.AgeMany previous studies on resea rch productivity have indicated that career publication and age have not strong military man consanguinity, although most of studies found that publication chiefly declines with age (Teodorescu 2000). Over (1982), found that research productivity slightly mitigate with age. However, when productivity was investigated in groups by birth date, junior faculty members produced more research at an earlier career stage than older faculty members. He also found that many senior academicians remain preferably active in research and their outcomes can be comparable to those of younger faculty members. These finding are significant with the study by Levin and Stephan (1991). They account in his study that the life cycle effect varies significantly by field. Life cycle is related to publishing productivity and obviously scientists become less productive as they age. Generally, a persons age at original publication affects consequent research productivity. If academic lecturers submit research for their first publication at a young age, then it is more probably that they will produce more when their age increases. Although many studies found relationship amongst age and research productivity, there are several studies found that there is no strong relationship amid age and research productivity. Bland and Berquist (1997) found that shift workloads and emphasis have strong relationship with productivity compare with the age of the academician. Williams (2000) has studied academic lecturers in the pitying imaginativeness Development Faculty in the United States and found no significant relationship with age. Kotrlik et al (2001) also found the similar result. His study on the university agricultural education faculty members in the United States found that age did not significantly affect research productivity. Besides that, Ramsden (1994) also found age is not correlated with research productivity.Marital perspectiveLuukkonen and Hieskanen (1983) indicated i n their study that, married female academician are more productive. Kyvik ( 1990) who done a study among academician in Norway also found that married and divorce academician ( men and women) were more productive compare than single academician. originator also found that, women with children were more productive compare than that academician who doesnt have children. However the result showed that women who have only one child were more productive compare than women academician with two and more children. Through this study, author has provided some explanation for this finding. These findings because of married women have more energy and stamina compare with women without children. Married academician also gets a support from their husband or wife and their have more develop in social life. Authors also explain that family life have increase their self respect and being married neutralize the affect of sex since married women corporate more with their male colleagues. In contras t, Creamer (1998), spy that there was either no significant effect or a commanding effect on publishing productivity for married women.Interest, spotlighting and motivation (research skill)Wood (1990) found that personal or individual characteristic influenced research productivity among Australian academician. The personal or individual characteristic that has been study is the ability, energy, creativity, motivation, ambition and also self discipline. According to author, productive academician tended to be a senior academician because they ready with extraordinary workload, intellectually curiosity and like writing and puts time away for research. Productive academician also saw as a gamesmanship, who hard-nosed round the time allocated for research even though need to scarified other responsibilities such as article of belief. Through this study, author found that less of productivity are because of the lacked of cocksure being judge by peer, adhere to such high beat tha t their work never get published and also lack of experience. Author also found that productive academician is a who have certain(a) attitude and approach toward research such as they put greater stress of research activity and also working extra time on their research activity. Interest in research also was study by Behymer (1974) and found research beguile to be the best forecaster of research productivity. Meanwhile Noser et al. (1996) found attitude toward research to be related to research productivity. Sageemas N.W.,S.N, Wongwanich.S Bowarnkitiwong.S. (2009) also found capabilities in research skills and technique, funding skills, research management and research communication skills and networking and team work would produce high research productivity among Thailand academician. Bland, C.J. et al (2002) also have study motivational factor on research productivity. They found that academician who highly research driven is positively associated with research productivity. T his result is significant with the study by Zainab (2001). She found view or perception on the research also positively associated with research productivity among Malaysian academician.Work habitFox 1993 referA recent study by Fonseca et al. (1997) of50 eminent Brazilian scientists in the field of biochemistry and cell biology, indicated that they are highly motivated, found sport in their work and able to face challenges effectively. high school publication productivity reflects excellence. The eminent scientists have a common trait in that they were all highly productive. The scientists were also interviewed and their CV examined to identify periods of greater and lesser productivity. The peaks and move were used as a reference point in the interviews. For each scientist two productivity stacks were computed (a) total number of published paper and (b) sum impact factors (IF) of the journals in which the articles are published. The IF of a journal is the average number of ci tations received in one year by the articles published in that journal in the two previous historic period. These two scores were plotted along the years of each scientists career. The interviews revealed quint groups of factors influencing productivity (a) human factors related to human relations in the laboratory, the quality of the working team, the relationship of the attr performances to the students, the ability to exchange ideas, interact with other scientists, and the rapport among team members (b) subjective emotional factors related to the ability to face challenges, motivation and frolic at work. (c) active material conditions related to facilities, equipment and money to buy chemicals (d) types of research related to having the freedom A recent study by Fonseca et al. (1997) of 50 eminent Brazilian scientists in the field of biochemistry and cell biology, indicated that they are highly motivated, found pleasure in their work and able to face challenges effective ly. High publication productivity reflects excellence. The eminent scientists have a common trait in that they were all highly productive. The scientists were also interviewed and their CV examined to identify periods of greater and lesser productivity. The peaks and falls were used as a reference point in the interviews. For each scientist two productivity scores were computed (a) total number of published papers and (b) sum impact factors (IF) of the journals in which the articles are published. The IF of a journal is the average number of citations received in one year by the articles published in that journal in the two previous years. These two scores were plotted along the years of each scientists career. The interviews revealed five groups of factors influencing productivity (a) human factors related to human relations in the laboratory, the quality of the working team, the relationship of the draws to the students, the ability to exchange ideas, interact with other scienti sts, and the rapport among team members (b) subjective emotional factors related to the ability to face challenges, motivation and pleasure at work. (c) active material conditions related to facilities, equipment and money to buy chemicals (d) types of research related to having the freedom pedantic rankNumerous studies have been done to correlate academic rank with the research productivity. Academic rank was studied by Bailey (1992), Dundar and Lewis (1998), Kyvik and Smeby (1994), Teodorescu (2000) and Vasil (1992). Each found rank to be a significant predictor of research productivity. Ramsden (1994) found seniority of academic rank to be correlated with research performance. Meanwhile Patterson and Barnes 1984 Bentley and Blackburn 1990) indicated that academician in higher rank have more productivity compare with disgrace rank. Similar result also found by Wanner,Lewis and Gregario (1981). They indicated found that rank has strong relationship with research productivity. Kyvik (1990a) indicated full professor produce more research because they have less educational activity load then they can more on the research productivity. .Meanwhile Tien and Blackburn (1996) found slightly different result. Full professor publisher more than other rank of academician but there a no difference mingled with assistance professor and associate professor. However, in contrast, Over (1982) also found rank has no influence. Same result also found by Gregario (1981). Gunne and hardy (1980) also found there is no significant relationship between rank and research productivity.Experience and TenureTenure also has been examined in previous study toward research productivity. Tenure is guarantee of their career as an academician and secures their position in the University. A tenured academician will have a more privilege and make compared that non tenure academician. This scenario will provide morale boot and secure working environment. Hence, there is no doubt tenur e will affect the productivity of academician. Butler and Cantrell (1989) was studied tenure variables among business faculty members and it showed significant correlated with research productivity. afterward Radhakrishna et al. (1994) found that tenured faculty members held publishing as significantly more important than non tenured faculty members. Another study was done by Bailey (1992) found that productivity level increase when academician moves from non tenure to tenure academician. However contrast result found by Teodorescu (2000). He found that tenure was not significantly correlated with article productivity. Similar result also found by Bartlett et al. (2001). He indicated that the number of years a faculty member held a tenure track position did not explain a significant portion in departure for research productivity.Meanwhile experience also was study by Rushton, Murray and Paunonen (1987). They found relationship between publication and experience and also age. The n umber of publication increase with the number of experience of the profession. The vast experience in research determine the research productivity in India ( Babu and sigh, 1998).Organizational / departmentalOrganizational factor also defined as departmental by some researcher. Support fromTime spend on research and didactics (64)Austin and Gamson (1983) indicated that extrinsic factors such as teaching load, administrative tasks, reward and opportunity could influence research productivity. Meanwhile clark,corcoran and lewis (1986) -. found that academician who allocated a smaller percentage of their time in teaching had a stronger research orientation. Calligro et al (1991) -. also found a similar result. They found academician who are productive spent more time on research. However Webster (1985) found that there was a little or no positive correlation between research and teaching. Same result found by Feldmen (1987) . Fox (1992). has study of the academic role, time allocation for research and teaching, teaching load and also time administrative. The result indicated that publication productivity was not related to teaching. Other study by Blackburn et al ( 1991) also indicated interest in research need not necessary predict high productivity in research.Discipline differencewoodDepartment sizeGraduate student supervisionDepartmental prestigeCulmulative advantageleadersRole of the leader in organization in influencing research productivity and performance have been studies previously. According to Friedrich ( 1985) Friedrich,G.W.(1985). Renewing the commitment to Scholarly.Annual Meeting of the dialect communication assocaition) leader can help to create healthy mood for scholarship by setting realistic goal, identify area where they can excel and be a more individual approach when traffic with staff. McKeaachie ( 1983) McKeaachie, ( 1983). Faculty as a renewal resources. In College faculty versatile human resources in a period of constraint, study on the fuinction of leader in encouraging research activity. Leader who respected research performance among academic staff provided an environment that encourage research activity. Boice (1988), found the important of leader in encouraging writing through forming discussion group, cotton up good writing habit and conduct a research workshop. Barnhill and Linton (1992), indentify how leader can promote research. They found that promoting a balance between teaching and research, identify the best undergraduate for the staff requirement,ecourange under represented staff to perform, provide clear research goal, encourage team research group, and also identify the need for the research. According to author, leader also should have a leadership criteria such as lead by example,lead pro actively, encourage inter disciplinary research and also research collaboration. The done by Fonseca et al 1997 -.) also found the relationship between leader and research productivity.Beside the environmen tal factors mentioned above, the leadership of an institution or department leaders are important factors affecting research productivity. leaders is a relationship between leaders and their constituents and a subtle process of mutual influence that fuses thought, feeling, and action to produce collective effort in the service of the purposes and values of two the leader and the led (Bolman Deal 1991). Kerr (1977) reviewed the literature on leadership and found that leadership plays an important role in research universities because the leadership highlight staff morale and self-esteem. For Gardner (1995), who studied leadership from the perspective of the cognitive psychologist, leaders are persons who, by word and/or personal example, markedly influence the behaviours, thoughts and /or feelings of a significant number of their fellow human beings (p.6). Leadership in academic organizations can be understood as taking different forms depending on how leaders view their institutio ns. A university can be viewed as a bureaucracy, a collegiums, a political system or an organized anarchy (Chaichanapanich 1998). Generally, leadership has a weak relationship with academic productivity, even when the Chair of the faculty lends moral support or provides financial backing for the research, because faculty members continue to be more concerned about their teaching, their research or their scholarship. Indeed, it has been observed that faculty staff members valued more highly the assessment of their colleagues and their students than the support of their leadership (Blackburn Lawrence 1995)Colloboration / knowledge sharing financialFinancial element is a important in research productivity. derive of funding will influence amount of research or knowledge produce. Salisbury (1990), Foncesa et al (1997) found a significant relationship between financial support and research productivity. Wood (1990) also indicated that adequate and move funding is very important facto r in ensuring successful of the research. Warner, Lewis and Gregario (1981) have compare the publication number and amount of grant and they found that amount of grant have resulted in greater productivity or articles. Again, this result shows the positive relationship between fund and productivity.Facilities ( library, electronic support,Library play the important in research. Capabilities of library to provide the resources influenced research productivity.Electronic facilitiesSchefermeyer and Sewell (1988) indicated that using of email among academician to communicate and seek other for research collaboration have open opportunity to increase research productivity. Almquist (1992) Almquist, E.(1992). Listening to users typesetters case studies in building electronic community.Fox institution annual conference, found that the scientists used IT facilities for different phases of their research especially at the subject identification and also find a similar research or literature . Meanwhile, Bruce (1994)- found that over 80% of Australian academic believed that network advance give them benefit in conducting research and 63% believed it can helped increase their publication. Massy and Zemsky (1995). suggested that the availabilitiy of IT facilities provided greater access to the resources and it increase the productivity of research. Huges (1999) investigated the telecommunication environment that support research productivity and found that a networked environment helped to promote information about research productivity.2.4 Theories, Framework and Model of Previous Study2.4.1 Zainab Awang Ngah (2001)Exploratory study to examined the factor that affecting the research publication of academic engineer and scientist from UKM and UM. This study excogitation to identify problem as well as increase appreciation of factor that conducive for a productive academic research environment. The study identifies total number and type of research publication publishe d.Examined the endogenous factor such as personal,home,academic background,attitude,view and problem faced and how these are related to publication productivity. Examianed exogenous factor, academic staff information used and disseminated behaviour, problem associated with publsihng articles or in obtaining library materials.The sample population comprises 125 academic engineering and 311 academic scientis from UKM and UM. Data collection and information about the staff are obtained from questionnaire, university calendar and interview. The results are reported in descriptive statistic and tested for significant and correlation using the chi square for nominal type variables and the spearman rank test.The result generally show that in more cases the correlated are significant related to publication productivity. The significant correlated (Masuk kan model nya (diagram disini)2.5 theory-based FrameworkOrganization FactorTop managementSlack ResourceKnowledge sharing cultureTrainingTe chnical infraKnowledge Productivity(Dependent variable)Individual FactorResearch motivationAttitude toward researchResearch skill2.6 Chapter SummaryConclusionThe diversity of factor influencing research productivity is well documented in published literature. However, difference in finding about the relative relationship of research productivity and divers(a) variables remained.